BobsSite--2001
Bob's Education and Work
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EDUCATION * * * * 1945: Graduated from St Kieran's School, Heckscherville * * * 1949: Graduated from Cass Twp High, Valedectorian. Won the Senatorial Scholarship for Schuylkill County. * * * * * * * * * 1953: BS in Physics from Penn State. Phi Beta Kappa. * * * * * 1958: PhD in Physics from Princeton U. Worked with Val Fitch on the measurement of the lifetime of the tau meson. Val and Jim Cronin won the Nobel Prize in 1980 for their work on CP violation in the decay of K mesons.

WORK EXPERIENCE: 1957: Eleven thousand feet up in the Rockies, west of Denver on Mount Evans, I tried to find mass 500 (electron masses) elementary particles reported by Russian experimenters. These will 'o the wisps were not found by me or anyone else, but the scenery and hiking were great. * * * * 1958: Began my work career at the Plasma Physics Lab near Princeton, devoted to the development of fusion power. Lyman Spitzer, the chairman of the Astronomy Dept, had invented the stellarator, a toroidal device to contain a hot plasma as it was heated beyonnd 100 million degrees, under which conditions fusion reactions between deuterium and tritium would occur. Mark Heald and I developed a method of measuring the electron density in a stellarator discharge using a phase-modulated microwave beam. * * * * 1960: Art Kuckes and I showed that the afterglow of stellarator discharges was dominated by three-body recombination events, in which two electrons collide in the field of an ion. * * * * 1962: Worked with Nick D'Angelo on a variety of plasma wave problems, including sound waves and ion cyclotron waves. We were the first to detect the current-driven ion cyclotron waves in the laboratory. * * * * 1964: Leave for a year at the Culham Lab near Oxford, England. Built a Q machine, took a course in Irish Civilization at University College, Dublin, where I met Marian, my future wife. She showed me around the Museum of Modern art, took me to the races, and fed me salmon on Dalkey Island, while we watched the goats disport. * * * * 1966: Back at PPPL in Princeton, Schwick von Goeler and I built a liquid nitrogen container around a cesium plasma, in order to freeze out all neutrals except those coming from the plasma in three-body recombination events. The flux of this beam was measured by a warm platinum detector. We were the first to measure recombination directly, rather than indirectly from the rate of decay of a plasma. Jassby and I were the first to measure the temperature dependence of the recombination rate. * * * * 1970: Rick Ellis and I detected and analyzed the current-driven drift waves in the linear Q machine. * * * * 1972: Hooke, Bernabei and I developed an electrostatically-driven high density plasma source to study wave experiments. * * * * 1975: Academic Press published my book, "Q Machines", a report on thermally-created alkali plasmas and the experiments performed on them to elucidate fundamental plasma behavior. * * * * 1976: Our RF group performed the first experiments showing that phased waveguide arrays could couple high power microwave beams to a plasma column. * * * * 1978: I developed a simple coaxially-driven RF plasma source for experiments on wave launching and propagation. * * * * 1979: McWilliams and I did the first experiments on current drive by lower hybrid waves. * * * * 1978-80: Our group reported experiments on plasma vortices and ponderomotive effects by high power 2.45 Ghz microwaves. The vortices were created by a hot spot in the edge of the plasma column. A pondermotive force is the pressure induced on electrons by high frequency electric fields. * * * * 1982: Our group reported the first experiments on the generation of large currents (450 kA) in toroidal Tokamak plasmas, using 500 kW of power injected into the plasma edge by phased arrays. * * * * 1983: For NASA Bill Langer and I invented a method of generating 5-10 eV neutral Oxygen beams, using an RF plasma generator to create oxygen ions, which were then bounced off a biased tungsten collector. The atoms were used to simulate the bombardment of materials on the shuttle by atomic oxyge when the shuttle was in low earth orbit (100 miles up). * * * 1985: Cuthbertson, Langer and I measured the energy distribution, in the range from 3-30 eV, of oxygen ions neutralized on an end plate in our plasma source.

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